自定义的 tkinter 画图工具#
本文创建了一个自定义的画图工具:
from tkinter import ttk, Tk
from tkinter import Canvas, Menu
from tkinter import StringVar
class Graph(Canvas):
'''创建图形元素(简称 graph),包括矩形框,椭圆形,线段,矩形框,如果您想要画“点”,可以选中矩形框或者椭圆形。
'''
def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
super().__init__(master, cnf, **kw)
self.master = master
self.master.title('计算机视觉')
self.color_options = ('red', 'blue', 'black', 'white', 'green')
self._init_params()
self.create_menu()
self.change()
def _create_variable(self):
'''菜单变量'''
self.image_var = StringVar()
self.graph_var = StringVar()
def _init_params(self):
self.configure(width=400, height=400)
self.current_id = None
self.color = 'black'
self.x = self.y = 0 # 记录鼠标左键的坐标
self.color = 'blue' # graph 对象的颜色
self.width = 2 # graph 的宽度
self._create_variable()
def create_menu(self):
self.master.option_add('*tearOff', False) # 表示菜单不能移除窗口
menu_bar = Menu(self.master) # 创建菜单栏
self.master['menu'] = menu_bar # 或者 root.config(menu=menubar)
painter_bar = Menu(menu_bar)
pencil_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
modify_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
color_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='创作', menu=painter_bar)
painter_bar.add_cascade(label='画笔', menu=pencil_menu)
painter_bar.add_cascade(label='修改', menu=modify_menu)
kw_menu = {
'variable': self.graph_var,
'command': self.bind_graph
}
pencil_options = ('矩形框', '椭圆形', '线段')
[pencil_menu.add_radiobutton(label=pencil, **kw_menu)
for pencil in pencil_options]
modify_options = ('移动选中的元素', '移动整个画布', '移动全部矩形框')
[modify_menu.add_radiobutton(label=modify, **kw_menu)
for modify in modify_options]
def update_xy(self, event):
'''按压鼠标左键'''
self.x = event.x
self.y = event.y
def set_color(self, new_color):
self.color = new_color
def palette(self, loc, color):
kw = {
'fill': color,
'tags': ('调色板', f'{color}调色板')
}
return self.create_rectangle(loc, **kw)
def change(self):
# 创建 3 个颜色选择块
red_id = self.palette((10, 10, 20, 20), "red")
blue_id = self.palette((10, 25, 20, 35), "blue")
black_id = self.palette((10, 40, 20, 50), "black")
# 添加标记
self.addtag('被选中的调色板', 'withtag', black_id)
# 绑定事件
self.tag_bind(red_id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: self.set_color("red"))
self.tag_bind(blue_id, "<Button-1>", lambda x: self.set_color("blue"))
self.tag_bind(black_id, "<Button-1>",
lambda x: self.set_color("black"))
def select_graph(self, event):
'''按压鼠标右键'''
self.configure(cursor="target")
self.update_xy(event)
# 获取当前鼠标指示的对象的 id
self.current_id = self.find_withtag('current')
def get_bbox(self, event):
x0, y0 = self.x, self.y # 左上角坐标
x1, y1 = event.x, event.y # 右下角坐标
bbox = x0, y0, x1, y1
return bbox
def draw_graph(self, event):
'''释放鼠标左键'''
self.configure(cursor="arrow")
bbox = self.get_bbox(event)
self.create_graph(bbox)
def bind_graph(self, event=None):
graph = self.graph_var.get()
if '移动' in graph:
self.unbind('<ButtonRelease-1>')
self.unbind('<1>')
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', self.move_graph)
else:
self.unbind('<ButtonRelease-1>')
self.unbind('<1>')
self.bind('<1>', self.update_xy)
self.bind("<ButtonRelease-1>", self.draw_graph)
def move_graph(self, event):
print(self.current_id)
new_x, new_y = event.x, event.y
x_move = new_x - self.x
y_move = new_y - self.y
self.move(self.current_id, x_move, y_move)
def create_graph(self, bbox):
'''创建图形
参数
========
bbox: x0,y0,x1,y1
'''
tags = 'graph'
kw = {
'width': self.width,
'tags': tags
}
graph = self.graph_var.get()
if graph == '矩形框':
self.create_rectangle(bbox, outline=self.color, **kw)
self.addtag_withtag('rect', 'graph')
elif graph == '椭圆形': # 外接矩形的四个坐标
self.create_oval(bbox, outline=self.color, **kw)
self.addtag_withtag('oval', 'graph')
elif graph == '线段':
self.create_line(bbox, fill=self.color, **kw)
self.addtag_withtag('line', 'graph')
def layout(self):
'''布局'''
# 将整个画布铺满屏幕
self.master.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.master.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='nwes')
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tk()
self = Graph(root)
self.layout()
root.mainloop()
下面直接看效果图:
直接点击图中的颜色小方框,可以切换不同的画笔颜色。
该工具主要有两个菜单栏选项:“画笔”,“修改”。“画笔” 暂时仅仅提供 3 个形状:
图1 中的各个图形的“作画”方法是:选中您想要画的形状,拖动鼠标左键,释放鼠标左键便会生成图形元素。
修改选项仅仅实现了移动选中的元素这一功能。
视觉效果更好的优化#
由于 Tcl 支持:'⬜','⚪', '⸺', '•', '⯀', '⎔', '▅'
等 UTF-8 字符(具体参考维基百科的 Unicode/List of useful symbols,Geometric Shapes 以及 FileFormat.Info 的 Unicode Characters in the ‘Symbol, Other’ Category)
代码如下:
from tkinter import ttk, Tk
from tkinter import Canvas, Menu
from tkinter import StringVar
class Graph(Canvas):
'''创建图形元素(简称 graph),包括矩形框(可以是方形点),椭圆形(圆形点),线段
'''
def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
super().__init__(master, cnf, **kw)
self.master = master
self.master.title('计算机视觉')
self.color_options = ('red', 'blue', 'black', 'white', 'green')
self._init_params()
self.create_menu()
self.change()
def _create_variable(self):
'''菜单变量'''
self.image_var = StringVar()
self.graph_var = StringVar()
def _init_params(self):
self.configure(width=400, height=400)
self.current_id = None
self.color = 'black'
self.x = self.y = 0 # 记录鼠标左键的坐标
self.color = 'blue' # graph 对象的颜色
self.width = 2 # graph 的宽度
self._create_variable()
def create_menu(self):
self.master.option_add('*tearOff', False) # 表示菜单不能移除窗口
menu_bar = Menu(self.master) # 创建菜单栏
self.master['menu'] = menu_bar # 或者 root.config(menu=menubar)
painter_bar = Menu(menu_bar)
pencil_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
modify_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
color_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='创作', menu=painter_bar)
painter_bar.add_cascade(label='画笔', menu=pencil_menu)
painter_bar.add_cascade(label='修改', menu=modify_menu)
kw_menu = {
'variable': self.graph_var,
'command': self.bind_graph
}
pencil_options = ('⬜', '⚪', '⸺')
[pencil_menu.add_radiobutton(label=pencil, **kw_menu)
for pencil in pencil_options]
modify_options = ('移动选中的元素',
'移动全部的元素',
'移动全部的图元素',
'删除全部 ⯀',
'删除全部 ●',
'移动全部 ⬜',
'移动全部 ⚪',
'移动全部 ⸺'
)
[modify_menu.add_radiobutton(label=modify, **kw_menu)
for modify in modify_options]
self.unbind('<ButtonRelease-1>')
self.unbind('<1>')
def update_xy(self, event):
'''按压鼠标左键'''
self.x = event.x
self.y = event.y
def set_color(self, new_color):
self.color = new_color
def palette(self, loc, color):
kw = {
'fill': color,
'tags': ('调色板', f'{color}调色板')
}
return self.create_rectangle(loc, **kw)
def change(self):
# 创建 3 个颜色选择块
red_id = self.palette((10, 10, 20, 20), "red")
blue_id = self.palette((10, 25, 20, 35), "blue")
black_id = self.palette((10, 40, 20, 50), "black")
# 添加标记
self.addtag('被选中的调色板', 'withtag', black_id)
# 绑定事件
self.tag_bind(red_id, "<1>", lambda x: self.set_color("red"))
self.tag_bind(blue_id, "<1>", lambda x: self.set_color("blue"))
self.tag_bind(black_id, "<1>", lambda x: self.set_color("black"))
def select_graph(self, event):
'''按压鼠标右键'''
self.configure(cursor="target")
self.update_xy(event)
# 获取当前鼠标指示的对象的 id
self.current_id = self.find_withtag('current')
def get_bbox(self, event):
x0, y0 = self.x, self.y # 左上角坐标
x1, y1 = event.x, event.y # 右下角坐标
bbox = x0, y0, x1, y1
return bbox
def draw_graph(self, event):
'''释放鼠标左键'''
self.configure(cursor="arrow")
bbox = self.get_bbox(event)
self.create_graph(bbox)
rect_ids = self.find_withtag('rect')
oval_ids = self.find_withtag('oval')
line_ids = self.find_withtag('line')
point_ids = self.find_withtag('point')
print(rect_ids, oval_ids, line_ids, point_ids, bbox)
def move_graph(self, event, graph_id_or_tag):
x_move, y_move = self.move_strides(event)
self.move(graph_id_or_tag, x_move, y_move)
def bind_graph(self, event=None):
graph = self.graph_var.get()
self.unbind('<ButtonRelease-1>')
self.unbind('<1>')
if graph == '移动选中的元素':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, self.current_id)
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部的元素':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'all')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部的图元素':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'graph')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ⬜':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'rect')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ⚪':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'oval')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ⸺':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'line')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
else:
self.bind('<1>', self.update_xy)
self.bind("<ButtonRelease-1>", self.draw_graph)
def move_strides(self, event):
new_x, new_y = event.x, event.y
x_move = new_x - self.x
y_move = new_y - self.y
print(x_move, y_move)
return x_move, y_move
def create_graph(self, bbox):
'''创建图形
参数
========
bbox: x0,y0,x1,y1
'''
start = bbox[:2]
end = bbox[2:]
kw = {
'width': self.width,
}
tags = {'graph'}
#all_graph = {'rect', 'oval', 'line'}
graph = self.graph_var.get()
if graph == '⬜': # 矩形框
tags.add('rect')
if start == end:
tags.add('point')
self.create_rectangle(bbox, outline=self.color,
tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
elif graph == '⚪': # 椭圆形,bbox 指定外接矩形的四个坐标
tags.add('oval')
if start == end:
tags.add('point')
self.create_oval(bbox, outline=self.color, tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
elif graph == '⸺': # 线段
tags.add('line')
self.create_line(bbox, fill=self.color, tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
def layout(self):
'''布局'''
# 将整个画布铺满屏幕
self.master.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.master.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='nwes')
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tk()
self = Graph(root)
self.layout()
root.mainloop()
该代码实现对矩形框、椭圆形、线段的绘制与移动,但是对于“点”(point)的移动和删除还暂时没有实现。
下面可直接看效果图:
可以看出,使用“线段”画笔也可以多边形。
需要注意的是:代码中的 bbox
表示鼠标左键移动的方向向量。
实现“点”与矩形框和椭圆形的分离,同时支持对点的移动:#
from tkinter import ttk, Tk
from tkinter import Canvas, Menu
from tkinter import StringVar
class Graph(Canvas):
'''创建图形元素(简称 graph),包括矩形框(可以是方形点),椭圆形(圆形点),线段
'''
def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
super().__init__(master, cnf, **kw)
self.master = master
self.master.title('计算机视觉')
self.color_options = ('red', 'blue', 'black', 'white', 'green')
self._init_params()
self.create_menu()
self.change()
def _create_variable(self):
'''菜单变量'''
self.image_var = StringVar()
self.graph_var = StringVar()
def _init_params(self):
self.configure(width=400, height=400)
self.current_id = None
self.color = 'black'
self.x = self.y = 0 # 记录鼠标左键的坐标
self.color = 'blue' # graph 对象的颜色
self.width = 2 # graph 的宽度
self._create_variable()
def create_menu(self):
self.master.option_add('*tearOff', False) # 表示菜单不能移除窗口
menu_bar = Menu(self.master) # 创建菜单栏
self.master['menu'] = menu_bar # 或者 root.config(menu=menubar)
painter_bar = Menu(menu_bar)
pencil_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
modify_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
color_menu = Menu(painter_bar)
menu_bar.add_cascade(label='创作', menu=painter_bar)
painter_bar.add_cascade(label='画笔', menu=pencil_menu)
painter_bar.add_cascade(label='修改', menu=modify_menu)
kw_menu = {
'variable': self.graph_var,
'command': self.bind_graph
}
pencil_options = ('⬜', '⚪', '⸺', '⯀', '●')
[pencil_menu.add_radiobutton(label=pencil, **kw_menu)
for pencil in pencil_options]
modify_options = ('移动选中的元素',
'移动全部的元素',
'移动全部的图元素',
'移动全部 ⯀',
'移动全部 ●',
'移动全部 ⬜',
'移动全部 ⚪',
'移动全部 ⸺'
)
[modify_menu.add_radiobutton(label=modify, **kw_menu)
for modify in modify_options]
self.unbind('<ButtonRelease-1>')
self.unbind('<1>')
def update_xy(self, event):
'''按压鼠标左键'''
self.x = event.x
self.y = event.y
def set_color(self, new_color):
self.color = new_color
def palette(self, loc, color):
kw = {
'fill': color,
'tags': ('调色板', f'{color}调色板')
}
return self.create_rectangle(loc, **kw)
def change(self):
# 创建 3 个颜色选择块
red_id = self.palette((10, 10, 20, 20), "red")
blue_id = self.palette((10, 25, 20, 35), "blue")
black_id = self.palette((10, 40, 20, 50), "black")
# 添加标记
self.addtag('被选中的调色板', 'withtag', black_id)
# 绑定事件
self.tag_bind(red_id, "<1>", lambda x: self.set_color("red"))
self.tag_bind(blue_id, "<1>", lambda x: self.set_color("blue"))
self.tag_bind(black_id, "<1>", lambda x: self.set_color("black"))
def select_graph(self, event):
'''按压鼠标右键'''
self.configure(cursor="target")
self.update_xy(event)
# 获取当前鼠标指示的对象的 id
self.current_id = self.find_withtag('current')
def get_bbox(self, event):
x0, y0 = self.x, self.y # 左上角坐标
x1, y1 = event.x, event.y # 右下角坐标
bbox = x0, y0, x1, y1
return bbox
def draw_graph(self, event):
'''释放鼠标左键'''
self.configure(cursor="arrow")
bbox = self.get_bbox(event)
self.create_graph(bbox)
rect_ids = self.find_withtag('rect')
oval_ids = self.find_withtag('oval')
line_ids = self.find_withtag('line')
rect_point_ids = self.find_withtag('rect_point')
oval_point_ids = self.find_withtag('oval_point')
print(rect_ids, oval_ids, line_ids,
rect_point_ids, oval_point_ids, bbox)
def move_graph(self, event, graph_id_or_tag):
x_move, y_move = self.move_strides(event)
self.move(graph_id_or_tag, x_move, y_move)
def bind_graph(self, event=None):
graph = self.graph_var.get()
self.unbind('<ButtonRelease-1>')
self.unbind('<1>')
if graph == '移动选中的元素':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, self.current_id)
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部的元素':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'all')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部的图元素':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'graph')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ⬜':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'rect')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ⚪':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'oval')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ⸺':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'line')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ⯀':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'rect_point')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
elif graph == '移动全部 ●':
self.bind('<1>', self.select_graph)
def move_action(e): return self.move_graph(e, 'oval_point')
self.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', move_action)
else:
self.bind('<1>', self.update_xy)
self.bind("<ButtonRelease-1>", self.draw_graph)
def move_strides(self, event):
new_x, new_y = event.x, event.y
x_move = new_x - self.x
y_move = new_y - self.y
return x_move, y_move
def create_graph(self, bbox):
'''创建图形
参数
========
bbox: x0,y0,x1,y1
'''
start = bbox[:2]
end = bbox[2:]
kw = {
'width': self.width,
}
tags = {'graph'}
#all_graph = {'rect', 'oval', 'line'}
graph = self.graph_var.get()
if start == end:
if graph == '⯀':
tags.add('rect_point')
self.create_rectangle(bbox, outline=self.color,
tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
elif graph == '●':
tags.add('oval_point')
self.create_oval(bbox, outline=self.color,
tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
elif graph == '⬜': # 矩形框
tags.add('rect')
self.create_rectangle(bbox, outline=self.color,
tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
elif graph == '⚪': # 椭圆形,bbox 指定外接矩形的四个坐标
tags.add('oval')
if start == end:
tags.add('point')
self.create_oval(bbox, outline=self.color, tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
elif graph == '⸺': # 线段
tags.add('line')
self.create_line(bbox, fill=self.color, tags=tuple(tags), **kw)
def layout(self):
'''布局'''
# 将整个画布铺满屏幕
self.master.columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.master.rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='nwes')
if __name__ == '__main__':
root = Tk()
self = Graph(root)
self.layout()
root.mainloop()
更加健壮的代码见 基于 tkinter 开发图形操作案例