异常处理

The functions described in this chapter will let you handle and raise Python exceptions. It is important to understand some of the basics of Python exception handling. It works somewhat like the POSIX errno variable: there is a global indicator (per thread) of the last error that occurred. Most C API functions don’t clear this on success, but will set it to indicate the cause of the error on failure. Most C API functions also return an error indicator, usually NULL if they are supposed to return a pointer, or -1 if they return an integer (exception: the PyArg_* functions return 1 for success and 0 for failure).

具体地说，错误指示器由三个对象指针组成：异常的类型，异常的值，和回溯对象。如果没有错误被设置，这些指针都可以是 NULL （尽管一些组合使禁止的，例如，如果异常类型是 NULL，你不能有一个非 NULL 的回溯）。

当一个函数由于它调用的某个函数失败而必须失败时，通常不会设置错误指示器；它调用的那个函数已经设置了它。而它负责处理错误和清理异常，或在清除其拥有的所有资源后返回（如对象应用或内存分配）。如果不准备处理异常，则 不 应该正常地继续。如果是由于一个错误返回，那么一定要向调用者表明已经设置了错误。如果错误没有得到处理或小心传播，对 Python/C API的其它调用可能不会有预期的行为，并且可能会以某种神秘的方式失败。

备注

错误指示器 不是 sys.exc_info() 的执行结果。前者对应尚未捕获的异常（异常还在传播），而后者在捕获异常后返回这个异常（异常已经停止传播）。

打印和清理

void PyErr_Clear()

Part of the Stable ABI.

清除错误指示器。如果没有设置错误指示器，则不会有作用。

void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)

Part of the Stable ABI.

将标准回溯打印到 sys.stderr 并清除错误指示器。除非 错误是 SystemExit，这种情况下不会打印回溯进程，且会退出 Python 进程，并显示 SystemExit 实例指定的错误代码。

只有在错误指示器被设置时才需要调用这个函数，否则这会导致错误！

如果 set_sys_last_vars 非零，则变量 sys.last_type，sys.last_value 和 sys.last_traceback 将分别设置为打印异常的类型，值和回溯。

void PyErr_Print()

Part of the Stable ABI.

PyErr_PrintEx(1) 的别名。

void PyErr_WriteUnraisable(PyObject *obj)

Part of the Stable ABI.

使用当前异常和 obj 参数调用 sys.unraisablehook()。

当设置了异常，但解释器不可能实际地触发异常时，这个实用函数向 sys.stderr 打印一个警告信息。例如，当 __del__() 方法中发生异常时使用这个函数。

该函数使用单个参数 obj 进行调用，该参数标识发生不可触发异常的上下文。如果可能，obj 的报告将打印在警告消息中。

调用此函数时必须设置一个异常。

抛出异常

这些函数可帮助你设置当前线程的错误指示器。为了方便起见，一些函数将始终返回 NULL 指针，以便用于 return 语句。

void PyErr_SetString(PyObject *type, const char *message)

Part of the Stable ABI.

This is the most common way to set the error indicator. The first argument specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the standard exceptions, e.g. PyExc_RuntimeError. You need not increment its reference count. The second argument is an error message; it is decoded from 'utf-8'.

void PyErr_SetObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *value)

Part of the Stable ABI.

此函数类似于 PyErr_SetString()，但是允许你为异常的“值”指定任意一个 Python 对象。

PyObject *PyErr_Format(PyObject *exception, const char *format, ...)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI.

这个函数设置了一个错误指示器并且返回了 NULL，exception 应当是一个 Python 中的异常类。format 和随后的形参会帮助格式化这个错误的信息；它们与 PyUnicode_FromFormat() 有着相同的含义和值。format 是一个ASCII编码的字符串。

PyObject *PyErr_FormatV(PyObject *exception, const char *format, va_list vargs)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.5.

和 PyErr_Format() 相同，但它接受一个 va_list 类型的参数而不是可变数量的参数集。

3.5 新版功能.

void PyErr_SetNone(PyObject *type)

Part of the Stable ABI.

这是 PyErr_SetObject(type, Py_None) 的简写。

int PyErr_BadArgument()

Part of the Stable ABI.

这是 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message) 的简写，其中 message 指出使用了非法参数调用内置操作。它主要用于内部使用。

PyObject *PyErr_NoMemory()

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI.

这是 PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError) 的简写；它返回 NULL ，以便当内存耗尽时，对象分配函数可以写 return PyErr_NoMemory(); 。

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyObject *type)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI.

这是个便捷函数，当 C 库函数返回错误并设置 errno 时，这个函数会触发异常。它构造一个元组对象，其第一项是整数值 errno，第二项是相应的错误消息（从 strerror() 获取），然后调用 PyErr_SetObject(type, object)。在 Unix 上，当 errno 值是 EINTR ，即中断的系统调用时，这个函数会调用 PyErr_CheckSignals() ，如果设置了错误指示器，则将其设置为该值。该函数永远返回 NULL ，因此当系统调用返回错误时，围绕系统调用的包装函数可以写成 return PyErr_SetFromErrno(type);。

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI.

类似于 PyErr_SetFromErrno() ，附加的行为是如果 filenameObject 不为 NULL ，它将作为第三个参数传递给 type 的构造函数。举个例子，在 OSError 异常中，filenameObject 将用来定义异常实例的 filename 属性。

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, PyObject *filenameObject, PyObject *filenameObject2)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

类似于 PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject() ，但接受第二个 filename 对象，用于当一个接受两个 filename 的函数失败时触发错误。

3.4 新版功能.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyObject *type, const char *filename)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI.

Similar to PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(), but the filename is given as a C string. filename is decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(int ierr)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI on Windows since version 3.7.

This is a convenience function to raise WindowsError. If called with ierr of 0, the error code returned by a call to GetLastError() is used instead. It calls the Win32 function FormatMessage() to retrieve the Windows description of error code given by ierr or GetLastError(), then it constructs a tuple object whose first item is the ierr value and whose second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from FormatMessage()), and then calls PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_WindowsError, object). This function always returns NULL.

可用性: Windows。

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr(PyObject *type, int ierr)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI on Windows since version 3.7.

类似于 PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr() ，额外的参数指定要触发的异常类型。

可用性: Windows。

PyObject *PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(int ierr, const char *filename)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI on Windows since version 3.7.

类似于 PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject() ，但是 filename 是以 C 字符串形式给出的。 filename 是从文件系统编码（os.fsdecode()）解码出来的。

可用性: Windows。

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI on Windows since version 3.7.

类似于 PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject() ，额外参数指定要触发的异常类型。

可用性: Windows。

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObjects(PyObject *type, int ierr, PyObject *filename, PyObject *filename2)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI on Windows since version 3.7.

类似于 PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject() ，但是接受第二个 filename 对象。

可用性: Windows。

3.4 新版功能.

PyObject *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilename(PyObject *type, int ierr, const char *filename)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI on Windows since version 3.7.

类似于 PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename() ，额外参数指定要触发的异常类型。

可用性: Windows。

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportError(PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

这是触发 ImportError 的便捷函数。 msg 将被设为异常的消息字符串。 name 和 path ，（都可以为 NULL ），将用来被设置 ImportError 对应的属性 name 和 path。

3.3 新版功能.

PyObject *PyErr_SetImportErrorSubclass(PyObject *exception, PyObject *msg, PyObject *name, PyObject *path)

Return value: Always NULL. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.6.

和 PyErr_SetImportError() 很类似，但这个函数允许指定一个 ImportError 的子类来触发。

3.6 新版功能.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject(PyObject *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)

设置当前异常的文件，行和偏移信息。如果当前异常不是 SyntaxError ，则它设置额外的属性，使异常打印子系统认为异常是 SyntaxError。

3.4 新版功能.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx(const char *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

Like PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject(), but filename is a byte string decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

3.2 新版功能.

void PyErr_SyntaxLocation(const char *filename, int lineno)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Like PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx(), but the col_offset parameter is omitted.

void PyErr_BadInternalCall()

Part of the Stable ABI.

这是 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, message) 的缩写，其中 message 表示使用了非法参数调用内部操作（例如，Python/C API 函数）。它主要用于内部使用。

发出警告

这些函数可以从 C 代码中发出警告。它们仿照了由 Python 模块 warnings 导出的那些函数。它们通常向 sys.stderr 打印一条警告信息；当然，用户也有可能已经指定将警告转换为错误，在这种情况下，它们将触发异常。也有可能由于警告机制出现问题，使得函数触发异常。如果没有触发异常，返回值为 0 ；如果触发异常，返回值为 -1。（无法确定是否实际打印了警告信息，也无法确定异常触发的原因。这是故意为之）。如果触发了异常，调用者应该进行正常的异常处理（例如，Py_DECREF() 持有引用并返回一个错误值）。

int PyErr_WarnEx(PyObject *category, const char *message, Py_ssize_t stack_level)

Part of the Stable ABI.

发出一个警告信息。参数 category 是一个警告类别（见下面）或 NULL ； message 是一个 UTF-8 编码的字符串。 stack_level 是一个给出栈帧数量的正数；警告将从该栈帧中当前正在执行的代码行发出。 stack_level 为 1 的是调用 PyErr_WarnEx() 的函数，2 是在此之上的函数，以此类推。

警告类别必须是 PyExc_Warning 的子类， PyExc_Warning 是 PyExc_Exception 的子类；默认警告类别是 PyExc_RuntimeWarning 。标准 Python 警告类别作为全局变量可用，所有其名称见 标准警告类别 。

有关警告控制的信息，参见模块文档 warnings 和命令行文档中的 -W 选项。没有用于警告控制的 C API。

int PyErr_WarnExplicitObject(PyObject *category, PyObject *message, PyObject *filename, int lineno, PyObject *module, PyObject *registry)

Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning attributes. This is a straightforward wrapper around the Python function warnings.warn_explicit(); see there for more information. The module and registry arguments may be set to NULL to get the default effect described there.

3.4 新版功能.

int PyErr_WarnExplicit(PyObject *category, const char *message, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, PyObject *registry)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Similar to PyErr_WarnExplicitObject() except that message and module are UTF-8 encoded strings, and filename is decoded from the filesystem encoding and error handler.

int PyErr_WarnFormat(PyObject *category, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Function similar to PyErr_WarnEx(), but use PyUnicode_FromFormat() to format the warning message. format is an ASCII-encoded string.

3.2 新版功能.

int PyErr_ResourceWarning(PyObject *source, Py_ssize_t stack_level, const char *format, ...)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.6.

Function similar to PyErr_WarnFormat(), but category is ResourceWarning and it passes source to warnings.WarningMessage().

3.6 新版功能.

查询错误指示器

PyObject *PyErr_Occurred()

Return value: Borrowed reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Test whether the error indicator is set. If set, return the exception type (the first argument to the last call to one of the PyErr_Set* functions or to PyErr_Restore()). If not set, return NULL. You do not own a reference to the return value, so you do not need to Py_DECREF() it.

呼叫者必须持有GIL。

备注

Do not compare the return value to a specific exception; use PyErr_ExceptionMatches() instead, shown below. (The comparison could easily fail since the exception may be an instance instead of a class, in the case of a class exception, or it may be a subclass of the expected exception.)

int PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyObject *exc)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Equivalent to PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(), exc). This should only be called when an exception is actually set; a memory access violation will occur if no exception has been raised.

int PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *given, PyObject *exc)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Return true if the given exception matches the exception type in exc. If exc is a class object, this also returns true when given is an instance of a subclass. If exc is a tuple, all exception types in the tuple (and recursively in subtuples) are searched for a match.

void PyErr_Fetch(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses are passed. If the error indicator is not set, set all three variables to NULL. If it is set, it will be cleared and you own a reference to each object retrieved. The value and traceback object may be NULL even when the type object is not.

备注

This function is normally only used by code that needs to catch exceptions or by code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily, e.g.:

{
   PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
   PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);

   /* ... code that might produce other errors ... */

   PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);
}

void PyErr_Restore(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the error indicator from the three objects. If the error indicator is already set, it is cleared first. If the objects are NULL, the error indicator is cleared. Do not pass a NULL type and non-NULL value or traceback. The exception type should be a class. Do not pass an invalid exception type or value. (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems later.) This call takes away a reference to each object: you must own a reference to each object before the call and after the call you no longer own these references. (If you don’t understand this, don’t use this function. I warned you.)

备注

This function is normally only used by code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily. Use PyErr_Fetch() to save the current error indicator.

void PyErr_NormalizeException(PyObject **exc, PyObject **val, PyObject **tb)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Under certain circumstances, the values returned by PyErr_Fetch() below can be “unnormalized”, meaning that *exc is a class object but *val is not an instance of the same class. This function can be used to instantiate the class in that case. If the values are already normalized, nothing happens. The delayed normalization is implemented to improve performance.

备注

This function does not implicitly set the __traceback__ attribute on the exception value. If setting the traceback appropriately is desired, the following additional snippet is needed:

if (tb != NULL) {
  PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb);
}

PyObject *PyErr_GetHandledException(void)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.

Retrieve the active exception instance, as would be returned by sys.exception(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns a new reference to the exception or NULL. Does not modify the interpreter’s exception state.

备注

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_SetHandledException() to restore or clear the exception state.

3.11 新版功能.

void PyErr_SetHandledException(PyObject *exc)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.

Set the active exception, as known from sys.exception(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. To clear the exception state, pass NULL.

备注

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_GetHandledException() to get the exception state.

3.11 新版功能.

void PyErr_GetExcInfo(PyObject **ptype, PyObject **pvalue, PyObject **ptraceback)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

Retrieve the old-style representation of the exception info, as known from sys.exc_info(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns new references for the three objects, any of which may be NULL. Does not modify the exception info state. This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using PyErr_GetHandledException().

备注

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_SetExcInfo() to restore or clear the exception state.

3.3 新版功能.

void PyErr_SetExcInfo(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *traceback)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

Set the exception info, as known from sys.exc_info(). This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was freshly raised. This function steals the references of the arguments. To clear the exception state, pass NULL for all three arguments. This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using PyErr_SetHandledException().

备注

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions. Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception state temporarily. Use PyErr_GetExcInfo() to read the exception state.

3.3 新版功能.

在 3.11 版更改: The type and traceback arguments are no longer used and can be NULL. The interpreter now derives them from the exception instance (the value argument). The function still steals references of all three arguments.

信号处理

int PyErr_CheckSignals()

Part of the Stable ABI.

This function interacts with Python’s signal handling.

If the function is called from the main thread and under the main Python interpreter, it checks whether a signal has been sent to the processes and if so, invokes the corresponding signal handler. If the signal module is supported, this can invoke a signal handler written in Python.

The function attempts to handle all pending signals, and then returns 0. However, if a Python signal handler raises an exception, the error indicator is set and the function returns -1 immediately (such that other pending signals may not have been handled yet: they will be on the next PyErr_CheckSignals() invocation).

If the function is called from a non-main thread, or under a non-main Python interpreter, it does nothing and returns 0.

This function can be called by long-running C code that wants to be interruptible by user requests (such as by pressing Ctrl-C).

备注

The default Python signal handler for SIGINT raises the KeyboardInterrupt exception.

void PyErr_SetInterrupt()

Part of the Stable ABI.

Simulate the effect of a SIGINT signal arriving. This is equivalent to PyErr_SetInterruptEx(SIGINT).

备注

This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without the GIL and from a C signal handler.

int PyErr_SetInterruptEx(int signum)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

Simulate the effect of a signal arriving. The next time PyErr_CheckSignals() is called, the Python signal handler for the given signal number will be called.

This function can be called by C code that sets up its own signal handling and wants Python signal handlers to be invoked as expected when an interruption is requested (for example when the user presses Ctrl-C to interrupt an operation).

If the given signal isn’t handled by Python (it was set to signal.SIG_DFL or signal.SIG_IGN), it will be ignored.

If signum is outside of the allowed range of signal numbers, -1 is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned. The error indicator is never changed by this function.

备注

This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without the GIL and from a C signal handler.

3.10 新版功能.

int PySignal_SetWakeupFd(int fd)

This utility function specifies a file descriptor to which the signal number is written as a single byte whenever a signal is received. fd must be non-blocking. It returns the previous such file descriptor.

The value -1 disables the feature; this is the initial state. This is equivalent to signal.set_wakeup_fd() in Python, but without any error checking. fd should be a valid file descriptor. The function should only be called from the main thread.

在 3.5 版更改: 在 Windows 上，此函数现在也支持套接字处理。

Exception 类

PyObject *PyErr_NewException(const char *name, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

This utility function creates and returns a new exception class. The name argument must be the name of the new exception, a C string of the form module.classname. The base and dict arguments are normally NULL. This creates a class object derived from Exception (accessible in C as PyExc_Exception).

The __module__ attribute of the new class is set to the first part (up to the last dot) of the name argument, and the class name is set to the last part (after the last dot). The base argument can be used to specify alternate base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. The dict argument can be used to specify a dictionary of class variables and methods.

PyObject *PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc(const char *name, const char *doc, PyObject *base, PyObject *dict)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

和 PyErr_NewException() 一样，除了可以轻松地给新的异常类一个文档字符串：如果 doc 属性非空，它将用作异常类的文档字符串。

3.2 新版功能.

异常对象

PyObject *PyException_GetTraceback(PyObject *ex)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return the traceback associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through __traceback__. If there is no traceback associated, this returns NULL.

int PyException_SetTraceback(PyObject *ex, PyObject *tb)

Part of the Stable ABI.

将异常关联的回溯设置为 tb 。使用``Py_None``清除它。

PyObject *PyException_GetContext(PyObject *ex)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return the context (another exception instance during whose handling ex was raised) associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through __context__. If there is no context associated, this returns NULL.

void PyException_SetContext(PyObject *ex, PyObject *ctx)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the context associated with the exception to ctx. Use NULL to clear it. There is no type check to make sure that ctx is an exception instance. This steals a reference to ctx.

PyObject *PyException_GetCause(PyObject *ex)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Return the cause (either an exception instance, or None, set by raise ... from ...) associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from Python through __cause__.

void PyException_SetCause(PyObject *ex, PyObject *cause)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the cause associated with the exception to cause. Use NULL to clear it. There is no type check to make sure that cause is either an exception instance or None. This steals a reference to cause.

__suppress_context__ is implicitly set to True by this function.

Unicode 异常对象

The following functions are used to create and modify Unicode exceptions from C.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(const char *encoding, const char *object, Py_ssize_t length, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, const char *reason)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Create a UnicodeDecodeError object with the attributes encoding, object, length, start, end and reason. encoding and reason are UTF-8 encoded strings.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)

PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEncoding(PyObject *exc)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

返回给定异常对象的 encoding 属性

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)

PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)

PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetObject(PyObject *exc)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

返回给定异常对象的 object 属性

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)

int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)

int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *start)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Get the start attribute of the given exception object and place it into *start. start must not be NULL. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)

int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)

int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t start)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the start attribute of the given exception object to start. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)

int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)

int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t *end)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Get the end attribute of the given exception object and place it into *end. end must not be NULL. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)

int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)

int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetEnd(PyObject *exc, Py_ssize_t end)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the end attribute of the given exception object to end. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.

PyObject *PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)

PyObject *PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)

PyObject *PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetReason(PyObject *exc)

Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

返回给定异常对象的 reason 属性

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)

int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)

int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetReason(PyObject *exc, const char *reason)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Set the reason attribute of the given exception object to reason. Return 0 on success, -1 on failure.

递归控制

These two functions provide a way to perform safe recursive calls at the C level, both in the core and in extension modules. They are needed if the recursive code does not necessarily invoke Python code (which tracks its recursion depth automatically). They are also not needed for tp_call implementations because the call protocol takes care of recursion handling.

int Py_EnterRecursiveCall(const char *where)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.9.

Marks a point where a recursive C-level call is about to be performed.

If USE_STACKCHECK is defined, this function checks if the OS stack overflowed using PyOS_CheckStack(). In this is the case, it sets a MemoryError and returns a nonzero value.

The function then checks if the recursion limit is reached. If this is the case, a RecursionError is set and a nonzero value is returned. Otherwise, zero is returned.

where should be a UTF-8 encoded string such as " in instance check" to be concatenated to the RecursionError message caused by the recursion depth limit.

在 3.9 版更改: This function is now also available in the limited API.

void Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(void)

Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.9.

Ends a Py_EnterRecursiveCall(). Must be called once for each successful invocation of Py_EnterRecursiveCall().

在 3.9 版更改: This function is now also available in the limited API.

Properly implementing tp_repr for container types requires special recursion handling. In addition to protecting the stack, tp_repr also needs to track objects to prevent cycles. The following two functions facilitate this functionality. Effectively, these are the C equivalent to reprlib.recursive_repr().

int Py_ReprEnter(PyObject *object)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Called at the beginning of the tp_repr implementation to detect cycles.

If the object has already been processed, the function returns a positive integer. In that case the tp_repr implementation should return a string object indicating a cycle. As examples, dict objects return {...} and list objects return [...].

The function will return a negative integer if the recursion limit is reached. In that case the tp_repr implementation should typically return NULL.

Otherwise, the function returns zero and the tp_repr implementation can continue normally.

void Py_ReprLeave(PyObject *object)

Part of the Stable ABI.

Ends a Py_ReprEnter(). Must be called once for each invocation of Py_ReprEnter() that returns zero.

标准异常

All standard Python exceptions are available as global variables whose names are PyExc_ followed by the Python exception name. These have the type PyObject*; they are all class objects. For completeness, here are all the variables:

C 名称	Python 名称	备注
PyExc_BaseException	BaseException	1
PyExc_Exception	Exception	1
PyExc_ArithmeticError	ArithmeticError	1
PyExc_AssertionError	AssertionError
PyExc_AttributeError	AttributeError
PyExc_BlockingIOError	BlockingIOError
PyExc_BrokenPipeError	BrokenPipeError
PyExc_BufferError	BufferError
PyExc_ChildProcessError	ChildProcessError
PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError	ConnectionAbortedError
PyExc_ConnectionError	ConnectionError
PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError	ConnectionRefusedError
PyExc_ConnectionResetError	ConnectionResetError
PyExc_EOFError	EOFError
PyExc_FileExistsError	FileExistsError
PyExc_FileNotFoundError	FileNotFoundError
PyExc_FloatingPointError	FloatingPointError
PyExc_GeneratorExit	GeneratorExit
PyExc_ImportError	ImportError
PyExc_IndentationError	IndentationError
PyExc_IndexError	IndexError
PyExc_InterruptedError	InterruptedError
PyExc_IsADirectoryError	IsADirectoryError
PyExc_KeyError	KeyError
PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt	KeyboardInterrupt
PyExc_LookupError	LookupError	1
PyExc_MemoryError	MemoryError
PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError	ModuleNotFoundError
PyExc_NameError	NameError
PyExc_NotADirectoryError	NotADirectoryError
PyExc_NotImplementedError	NotImplementedError
PyExc_OSError	OSError	1
PyExc_OverflowError	OverflowError
PyExc_PermissionError	PermissionError
PyExc_ProcessLookupError	ProcessLookupError
PyExc_RecursionError	RecursionError
PyExc_ReferenceError	ReferenceError
PyExc_RuntimeError	RuntimeError
PyExc_StopAsyncIteration	StopAsyncIteration
PyExc_StopIteration	StopIteration
PyExc_SyntaxError	SyntaxError
PyExc_SystemError	SystemError
PyExc_SystemExit	SystemExit
PyExc_TabError	TabError
PyExc_TimeoutError	TimeoutError
PyExc_TypeError	TypeError
PyExc_UnboundLocalError	UnboundLocalError
PyExc_UnicodeDecodeError	UnicodeDecodeError
PyExc_UnicodeEncodeError	UnicodeEncodeError
PyExc_UnicodeError	UnicodeError
PyExc_UnicodeTranslateError	UnicodeTranslateError
PyExc_ValueError	ValueError
PyExc_ZeroDivisionError	ZeroDivisionError

3.3 新版功能: PyExc_BlockingIOError, PyExc_BrokenPipeError, PyExc_ChildProcessError, PyExc_ConnectionError, PyExc_ConnectionAbortedError, PyExc_ConnectionRefusedError, PyExc_ConnectionResetError, PyExc_FileExistsError, PyExc_FileNotFoundError, PyExc_InterruptedError, PyExc_IsADirectoryError, PyExc_NotADirectoryError, PyExc_PermissionError, PyExc_ProcessLookupError and PyExc_TimeoutError 介绍如下 PEP 3151.

3.5 新版功能: PyExc_StopAsyncIteration 和 PyExc_RecursionError.

3.6 新版功能: PyExc_ModuleNotFoundError.

这些是兼容性别名 PyExc_OSError:

C 名称	备注
PyExc_EnvironmentError
PyExc_IOError
PyExc_WindowsError	2

在 3.3 版更改: 这些别名曾经是单独的异常类型。

注释：

1(1,2,3,4,5)

这是其他标准异常的基类。

2

Only defined on Windows; protect code that uses this by testing that the preprocessor macro MS_WINDOWS is defined.

标准警告类别

All standard Python warning categories are available as global variables whose names are PyExc_ followed by the Python exception name. These have the type PyObject*; they are all class objects. For completeness, here are all the variables:

C 名称	Python 名称	备注
PyExc_Warning	Warning	3
PyExc_BytesWarning	BytesWarning
PyExc_DeprecationWarning	DeprecationWarning
PyExc_FutureWarning	FutureWarning
PyExc_ImportWarning	ImportWarning
PyExc_PendingDeprecationWarning	PendingDeprecationWarning
PyExc_ResourceWarning	ResourceWarning
PyExc_RuntimeWarning	RuntimeWarning
PyExc_SyntaxWarning	SyntaxWarning
PyExc_UnicodeWarning	UnicodeWarning
PyExc_UserWarning	UserWarning

3.2 新版功能: PyExc_ResourceWarning.

注释：

3

这是其他标准警告类别的基类。