Stable ABI

The CPython Stable ABI is a promise that extensions built against a specific Stable ABI version will be compatible with any newer interpreter of the same major version.

The Stable ABI does not define a complete binary interface: important details like the layout of structures in memory or function calling conventions are determined by the platform and the compiler and its settings. The Stable ABI promise only applies if these lower-details are also stable.

For example, an extension built with the CPython 3.10 Stable ABI will be usable with CPython 3.11, 3.12, etc. It will not necessarily be compatible with CPython 4.0, nor with CPython 3.10 on a different platform.

The Stable ABI is not generally forward-compatible: an extension built and tested with CPython 3.10 will not generally be compatible with CPython 3.9.

The Stable ABI trades performance for its stability. For example, extensions built for a specific CPython version will automatically use faster macros instead of functions in the Stable ABI.

Future Python versions may deprecate some members of the Stable ABI. Deprecated members will still work, but may suffer from issues like reduced performance or, in the most extreme cases, memory/resource leaks.

Limited API

The Stable ABI promise holds for extensions compiled from code that restricts itself to the Limited API (application programming interface). The Limited API is a subset of CPython’s C API.

Extensions that target the Limited API should define the preprocessor macro Py_LIMITED_API to either 3 or the current PYTHON_API_VERSION. This will enable Stable ABI versions of several functions and limit definitions to the Limited API. (However, note that the macro is not perfect: due to technical issues or oversights, some non-limited API might be exposed even with it defined.)

The Limited API is not guaranteed to be stable. In the future, parts of the Limited API may be deprecated. They may even be removed, as long as the Stable ABI is kept stable and Python’s general backwards compatibility policy, PEP 387, is followed.

The goal for the Limited API is to cover everything needed to interact with the interpreter. The main reason to not include a public API in the Limited subset should be that it needs implementation details that change between CPython versions (like struct memory layouts) – usually for performance reasons.

The Limited API is not limited to CPython. Other implementations are encouraged to implement it and help drive its design.

Stable ABI Manifest

All members of the Stable ABI – functions, typedefs, structs, data, macros, and constants – will be explicitly listed in a single “manifest” file, Misc/stable_abi.txt.

For structs, any fields that users of the Stable ABI are allowed to access will be listed explicitly.

The manifest will also serve as the definitive list of the Limited API. Members that are not part of the Limited API, but are part of the Stable ABI (e.g. PyObject.ob_type, which is accessible by the Py_TYPE macro), will be annotated as such.

For items that are only available on some systems, the manifest will record the feature macro that determines their presence (such as MS_WINDOWS or HAVE_FORK). To make the implementation (and usage from non-C languages) easier, all such macros will be simple names. If a future item needs a “negative” macro or complex expression (such as a hypothetical #ifndef MACOSX or #if defined(POSIX) && !defined(LINUX)), a new feature macro will be derived.

The format of the manifest will be subject to change whenever needed. It should be consumed only by scripts in the CPython repository. If a stable list is needed, a script can be added to generate it.

The following will be generated from the ABI manifest:

• Source for the Windows shared library, PC/python3dll.c.
• Input for documentation (see below).
• Test case that checks the runtime availablility of symbols (see below).

The following will be checked against the Stable ABI manifest as part of continuous integration:

• The reference count summary, Doc/data/refcounts.txt, includes all function in the Stable ABI (among others).
• The functions/structs declared and constants/macros defined when Python.h is included with Py_LIMITED_API set. (Initially Linux only; checks on other systems may be added in the future.)

After the initial implementation, details such as function arguments will be added and the manifest will be checked for internal consistency (e.g. all types used in function signatures are part of the API).

Contents of the Stable ABI

The initial Stable ABI manifest will include:

• The Stable ABI specified in PEP 384.
• Everything listed in PC/python3dll.c.
• All structs (struct typedefs) which these functions return or take as arguments. (Fields of such structs will not necessarily be added.)
• New type slots, such as Py_am_aiter.
• The type flags Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT, Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, Py_TPFLAGS_METHOD_DESCRIPTOR.
• The calling conventions METH_* (except deprecated ones).
• All API needed by macros is the Stable ABI (annotated as not being part of the Limited API).

Items that are no longer in CPython when this PEP is accepted will be removed from the list.

Additional items may be aded to the initial manifest according to the checklist below.

Documenting the Limited API

Notes saying “Part of the Limited API” will be added to Python’s documentation automatically, in a way similar to the notes on functions that return borrowed references.

A complete list of all members of the Limited API will also be added to the documentation.

Testing the Stable ABI

An automatically generated test module will be added to ensure that all symbols included in the Stable ABI are available at compile time.

Changing the Limited API

A checklist for changing the Limited API, including adding new items to it and removing existing ones, will be added to the Devguide. The checklist will 1) mention best practices and common pitfalls in Python C API design and 2) guide the developer around the files that need changing and scripts that need running when the Limited API is changed.

Below is the initial proposal for the checklist. (After the PEP is accepted, see the Devguide for the current version.)

Note that the checklist applies to new changes; several items in the existing Limited API are grandfathered and couldn’t be added today.

Design considerations:

• Make sure the change does not break the Stable ABI of any version of Python since 3.5.
• Make sure no exposed names are private (i.e. begin with an underscore).
• Make sure the new API is well documented.
• Make sure the types of all parameters and return values of the added function(s) and all fields of the added struct(s) are be part of the Limited API (or standard C).
• Make sure the new API and its intended use follows standard C, not just features of currently supported platforms. Specifically, follow the C dialect specified in PEP 7.
  • Do not cast a function pointer to void* (a data pointer) or vice versa.
• Make sure the new API follows reference counting conventions. (Following them makes the API easier to reason about, and easier use in other Python implementations.)
  • Do not return borrowed references from functions.
  • Do not steal references to function arguments.
• Make sure the ownership rules and lifetimes of all applicable struct fields, arguments and return values are well defined.
• Think about ease of use for the user. (In C, ease of use itself is not very important; what is useful is reducing boilerplate code needed to use the API. Bugs like to hide in boiler plates.)
  • If a function will be often called with specific value for an argument, consider making it default (used when NULL is passed in).
• Think about future extensions: for example, if it’s possible that future Python versions will need to add a new field to your struct, how will that be done?
• Make as few assumptions as possible about details that might change in future CPython versions or differ across C API implementations:

  • The GIL
  • Garbage collection
  • Memory layout of PyObject, lists/tuples and other structures

If following these guidelines would hurt performance, add a fast function (or macro) to the non-limited API and a stable equivalent to the Limited API.

If anything is unclear, or you have a good reason to break the guidelines, consider discussing the change at the capi-sig mailing list.

Procedure:

• Move the declaration to a header file directly under Include/, into a #if !defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || Py_LIMITED_API+0 >= 0x03yy0000 block (with the yy corresponding to the target CPython version).
• Make an entry in the Stable ABI manifest, Misc/stable_abi.txt.
• Regenerate the autogenerated files using make regen-all. (or the alternative for non-make platforms)
• Build Python and run checks using make check-abi. (or the alternative for non-make platforms)

Advice for Extenders and Embedders

The following notes will be added to documentation, along with better information regarding this topic and what guarantees do we offer:

Extension authors should test with all Python versions they support, and preferably build with the lowest such version.

Compiling with Py_LIMITED_API defined is not a guarantee that your code conforms to the Limited API or the Stable ABI. Py_LIMITED_API only covers definitions, but an API also includes other issues, such as expected semantics.

Examples of issues that Py_LIMITED_API does not guard against are:

• Calling a function with invalid arguments
• A function that started accepting NULL values for an argument in Python 3.9 will fail if NULL is passed to it under Python 3.8. Only testing with 3.8 (or lower versions) will uncover this issue.
• Some structs include a few fields that are part of the Stable ABI and other fields that aren’t. Py_LIMITED_API does not filter out such “private” fields.
• Code that uses something that is not documented as part of the Stable ABI, but exposed even with Py_LIMITED_API defined, may break in the future. Despite the team’s best efforts, such issues may happen.

Note for Redistributors of Python

The Stable ABI promise relies on stable underlying ABI details, such as the layout of structures in memory and function calling conventions, which are affected by the compiler and its settings. For the promise to hold, these details must not change between CPython 3.x releases on a particular platform.

Defining a process for deprecations/removals

While this PEP acknowledges that parts of the Limited API might be deprecated or removed in the future, a process to do this is not in scope, and is left to a possible future PEP.

C syntax for the ABI manifest

It might be useful to have the ABI manifest be a C header file, or to generate header files from the manifest. Again, either are options for the future.