PEP 369 – Post import hooks

Author:: Christian Heimes <christian at python.org>
Status:: Withdrawn
Type:: Standards Track
Created:: 02-Jan-2008
Python-Version:: 2.6, 3.0
Post-History:: 02-Dec-2012

Table of Contents

Withdrawal Notice

This PEP has been withdrawn by its author, as much of the detailed design is no longer valid following the migration to importlib in Python 3.3.

Abstract

This PEP proposes enhancements for the import machinery to add post import hooks. It is intended primarily to support the wider use of abstract base classes that is expected in Python 3.0.

The PEP originally started as a combined PEP for lazy imports and post import hooks. After some discussion on the python-dev mailing list the PEP was parted in two separate PEPs. [1]

Python has no API to hook into the import machinery and execute code after a module is successfully loaded. The import hooks of PEP 302 are about finding modules and loading modules but they were not designed to as post import hooks.

Use cases

A use case for a post import hook is mentioned in Nick Coghlan’s initial posting [2]. about callbacks on module import. It was found during the development of Python 3.0 and its ABCs. We wanted to register classes like decimal.Decimal with an ABC but the module should not be imported on every interpreter startup. Nick came up with this example:

@imp.when_imported('decimal')
def register(decimal):
    Inexact.register(decimal.Decimal)

The function register is registered as callback for the module named ‘decimal’. When decimal is imported the function is called with the module object as argument.

While this particular example isn’t necessary in practice, (as decimal.Decimal will inherit from the appropriate abstract Number base class in 2.6 and 3.0), it still illustrates the principle.

Existing implementations

PJE’s peak.util.imports [3] implements post load hooks. My implementation shares a lot with his and it’s partly based on his ideas.

Post import hook implementation

Post import hooks are called after a module has been loaded. The hooks are callable which take one argument, the module instance. They are registered by the dotted name of the module, e.g. ‘os’ or ‘os.path’.

The callable are stored in the dict sys.post_import_hooks which is a mapping from names (as string) to a list of callables or None.

States

No hook was registered

sys.post_import_hooks contains no entry for the module

A hook is registered and the module is not loaded yet

The import hook registry contains an entry sys.post_import_hooks[“name”] = [hook1]

A module is successfully loaded

The import machinery checks if sys.post_import_hooks contains post import hooks for the newly loaded module. If hooks are found then the hooks are called in the order they were registered with the module instance as first argument. The processing of the hooks is stopped when a method raises an exception. At the end the entry for the module name set to None, even when an error has occurred.

Additionally the new __notified__ slot of the module object is set to True in order to prevent infinity recursions when the notification method is called inside a hook. For object which don’t subclass from PyModule a new attribute is added instead.

A module can’t be loaded

The import hooks are neither called nor removed from the registry. It may be possible to load the module later.

A hook is registered but the module is already loaded

The hook is fired immediately.

Invariants

The import hook system guarantees certain invariants. XXX

Sample Python implementation

A Python implementation may look like:

  def notify(name):
      try:
          module = sys.modules[name]
      except KeyError:
          raise ImportError("Module %s has not been imported" % (name,))
      if module.__notified__:
          return
      try:
          module.__notified__ = True
          if '.' in name:
              notify(name[:name.rfind('.')])
          for callback in post_import_hooks[name]:
             callback(module)
      finally:
          post_import_hooks[name] = None

XXX

C API

New C API functions

PyObject* PyImport_GetPostImportHooks(void): Returns the dict sys.post_import_hooks or NULL
PyObject* PyImport_NotifyLoadedByModule(PyObject *module): Notify the post import system that a module was requested. Returns the a borrowed reference to the same module object or NULL if an error has occurred. The function calls only the hooks for the module itself and not its parents. The function must be called with the import lock acquired.
PyObject* PyImport_NotifyLoadedByName(const char *name): PyImport_NotifyLoadedByName("a.b.c") calls PyImport_NotifyLoadedByModule() for a, a.b and a.b.c in that particular order. The modules are retrieved from sys.modules. If a module can’t be retrieved, an exception is raised otherwise the a borrowed reference to modname is returned. The hook calls always start with the prime parent module. The caller of PyImport_NotifyLoadedByName() must hold the import lock!
PyObject* PyImport_RegisterPostImportHook(PyObject *callable, PyObject *mod_name): Register a new hook callable for the module mod_name
int PyModule_GetNotified(PyObject *module): Returns the status of the __notified__ slot / attribute.
int PyModule_SetNotified(PyObject *module, int status): Set the status of the __notified__ slot / attribute.

The PyImport_NotifyLoadedByModule() method is called inside import_submodule(). The import system makes sure that the import lock is acquired and the hooks for the parent modules are already called.

Python API

The import hook registry and two new API methods are exposed through the sys and imp module.

sys.post_import_hooks

The dict contains the post import hooks:

{"name" : [hook1, hook2], ...}

imp.register_post_import_hook(hook: "callable", name: str)

imp.notify_module_loaded(module: "module instance") -> module

Notify the system that a module has been loaded. The method is provided for compatibility with existing lazy / deferred import extensions.

module.__notified__

A slot of a module instance. XXX

The when_imported function decorator is also in the imp module, which is equivalent to:

def when_imported(name):
    def register(hook):
        register_post_import_hook(hook, name)
    return register

imp.when_imported(name) -> decorator function: for @when_imported(name) def hook(module): pass

Open issues

The when_imported decorator hasn’t been written.

The code contains several XXX comments. They are mostly about error handling in edge cases.

Backwards Compatibility

The new features and API don’t conflict with old import system of Python and don’t cause any backward compatibility issues for most software. However systems like PEAK and Zope which implement their own lazy import magic need to follow some rules.

The post import hooks carefully designed to cooperate with existing deferred and lazy import systems. It’s the suggestion of the PEP author to replace own on-load-hooks with the new hook API. The alternative lazy or deferred imports will still work but the implementations must call the imp.notify_module_loaded function.

Python Enhancement Proposals