http — HTTP 模块

源代码: Lib/http/__init__.py

---

http 是一个包，它收集了多个用于处理超文本传输协议的模块:

• http.client 是一个低层级的 HTTP 协议客户端；对于高层级的 URL 访问请使用 urllib.request

• http.server 包含基于 socketserver 的基本 HTTP 服务类

• http.cookies 包含一些有用来实现通过 cookies 进行状态管理的工具

• http.cookiejar 提供了 cookies 的持久化

The http module also defines the following enums that help you work with http related code:

class http.HTTPStatus

3.5 新版功能.

enum.IntEnum 的子类，它定义了组 HTTP 状态码，原理短语以及用英语书写的长描述文本。

用法：

>>> from http import HTTPStatus
>>> HTTPStatus.OK
HTTPStatus.OK
>>> HTTPStatus.OK == 200
True
>>> HTTPStatus.OK.value
200
>>> HTTPStatus.OK.phrase
'OK'
>>> HTTPStatus.OK.description
'Request fulfilled, document follows'
>>> list(HTTPStatus)
[HTTPStatus.CONTINUE, HTTPStatus.SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS, ...]

HTTP 状态码

Supported, IANA-registered status codes available in http.HTTPStatus are:

双字母代码	映射名	详情
100	CONTINUE：继续	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.2.1 节
101	SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.2.2 节
102	PROCESSING	WebDAV RFC 2518, 10.1 节
103	EARLY_HINTS	用于指定提示 RFC 8297 的 HTTP 状态码
200	OK	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.3.1 节
201	CREATED	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.3.2 节
202	ACCEPTED	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.3.3 节
203	NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.3.4 节
204	NO_CONTENT: 没有内容	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.3.5 节
205	RESET_CONTENT	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.3.6 节
206	PARTIAL_CONTENT	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7233, 4.1 节
207	MULTI_STATUS	WebDAV RFC 4918, 11.1 节
208	ALREADY_REPORTED	WebDAV Binding Extensions RFC 5842, 7.1 节（实验性）
226	IM_USED	Delta Encoding in HTTP RFC 3229, 10.4.1 节
300	MULTIPLE_CHOICES：有多种资源可选择	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.4.1 节
301	MOVED_PERMANENTLY：永久移动	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.4.2 节
302	FOUND：临时移动	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.4.3 节
303	SEE_OTHER：已经移动	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.4.4 节
304	NOT_MODIFIED：没有修改	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7232, 4.1 节
305	USE_PROXY：使用代理	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.4.5 节
307	TEMPORARY_REDIRECT：临时重定向	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.4.7 节
308	PERMANENT_REDIRECT：永久重定向	Permanent Redirect RFC 7238, Section 3 (Experimental)
400	BAD_REQUEST：错误请求	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.1 节
401	UNAUTHORIZED：未授权	HTTP/1.1 Authentication RFC 7235, 3.1 节
402	PAYMENT_REQUIRED：保留，将来使用	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.2 节
403	FORBIDDEN：禁止	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.3 节
404	NOT_FOUND：没有找到	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.4 节
405	METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED：该请求方法不允许	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.5 节
406	NOT_ACCEPTABLE：不可接受	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.6 节
407	PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED：要求使用代理验明正身	HTTP/1.1 Authentication RFC 7235, 3.1 节
408	REQUEST_TIMEOUT：请求超时	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.7 节
409	CONFLICT：冲突	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.8 节
410	GONE：已经不在了	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.9 节
411	LENGTH_REQUIRED：长度要求	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.10 节
412	PRECONDITION_FAILED：前提条件错误	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7232, 4.2 节
413	REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE：请求体太大了	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.11 节
414	REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG：请求URI太长了	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.12 节
415	UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE：不支持的媒体格式	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.13 节
416	REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE	HTTP/1.1 Range Requests RFC 7233, 4.4 节
417	EXPECTATION_FAILED：期望失败	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.14 节
418	IM_A_TEAPOT	HTCPCP/1.0 RFC 2324, Section 2.3.2
421	MISDIRECTED_REQUEST	HTTP/2 RFC 7540, 9.1.2 节
422	UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY：可加工实体	WebDAV RFC 4918, 11.2 节
423	LOCKED：锁着	WebDAV RFC 4918, 11.3 节
424	FAILED_DEPENDENCY：失败的依赖	WebDAV RFC 4918, 11.4 节
425	TOO_EARLY	使用 HTTP RFC 8470 中的早期数据
426	UPGRADE_REQUIRED：升级需要	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.5.15 节
428	PRECONDITION_REQUIRED：先决条件要求	Additional HTTP Status Codes RFC 6585
429	TOO_MANY_REQUESTS：太多的请求	Additional HTTP Status Codes RFC 6585
431	REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE：请求头太大	Additional HTTP Status Codes RFC 6585
451	UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS	HTTP 状态码用于报告法律障碍 RFC 7725
500	INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR：内部服务错误	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.6.1 节
501	NOT_IMPLEMENTED：不可执行	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.6.2 节
502	BAD_GATEWAY：无效网关	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.6.3 节
503	SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE：服务不可用	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.6.4 节
504	GATEWAY_TIMEOUT：网关超时	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.6.5 节
505	HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED：HTTP版本不支持	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, 6.6.6 节
506	VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES：服务器存在内部配置错误	透明内容协商在： HTTP RFC 2295, 8.1 节（实验性）
507	INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE：存储不足	WebDAV RFC 4918, 11.5 节
508	LOOP_DETECTED：循环检测	WebDAV Binding Extensions RFC 5842, 7.2 节（实验性）
510	NOT_EXTENDED：不扩展	WebDAV Binding Extensions RFC 5842, 7.2 节（实验性）
511	NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED：要求网络身份验证	Additional HTTP Status Codes RFC 6585, 6 节

为了保持向后兼容性，枚举值也以常量形式出现在 http.client 模块中，。 枚举名等于常量名 (例如 http.HTTPStatus.OK 也可以是 http.client.OK)。

在 3.7 版更改: 添加了 421 MISDIRECTED_REQUEST 状态码。

3.8 新版功能: 添加了 451 UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS 状态码。

3.9 新版功能: 增加了 103 EARLY_HINTS, 418 IM_A_TEAPOT 和 425 TOO_EARLY 状态码

HTTP status category

3.12 新版功能.

The enum values have several properties to indicate the HTTP status category:

Property	Indicates that	详情
is_informational	100 <= status <= 199	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 6
is_success	200 <= status <= 299	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 6
is_redirection	300 <= status <= 399	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 6
is_client_error	400 <= status <= 499	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 6
is_server_error	500 <= status <= 599	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 6

用法：

>>> from http import HTTPStatus
>>> HTTPStatus.OK.is_success
True
>>> HTTPStatus.OK.is_client_error
False

class http.HTTPMethod

3.11 新版功能.

A subclass of enum.StrEnum that defines a set of HTTP methods and descriptions written in English.

用法：

>>> from http import HTTPMethod
>>> HTTMethod.GET
HTTMethod.GET
>>> HTTMethod.GET == 'GET'
True
>>> HTTMethod.GET.value
'GET'
>>> HTTMethod.GET.description
'Transfer a current representation of the target resource.'
>>> list(HTTPMethod)
[HTTPMethod.GET, HTTPMethod.HEAD, ...]

HTTP methods

Supported, IANA-registered methods available in http.HTTPMethod are:

Method	映射名	详情
GET	GET	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.1
HEAD	HEAD	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.2
POST	POST	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.3
PUT	PUT	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.4
DELETE	DELETE	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.5
CONNECT	CONNECT	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.6
OPTIONS	OPTIONS	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.7
TRACE	TRACE	HTTP/1.1 RFC 7231, Section 4.3.8
PATCH	PATCH	HTTP/1.1 RFC 5789