类型对象

type PyTypeObject
Part of the Limited API (as an opaque struct).

对象的 C 结构用于描述 built-in 类型。

PyTypeObject PyType_Type
Part of the Stable ABI.

这是属于 type 对象的 type object，它在 Python 层面和 type 是相同的对象。

int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)

Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, including instances of types derived from the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.

int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, but not a subtype of the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.

unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()
Part of the Stable ABI.

Clear the internal lookup cache. Return the current version tag.

unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)
Part of the Stable ABI.

Return the tp_flags member of type. This function is primarily meant for use with Py_LIMITED_API; the individual flag bits are guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to tp_flags itself is not part of the limited API.

3.2 新版功能.

在 3.4 版更改: The return type is now unsigned long rather than long.

void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
Part of the Stable ABI.

Invalidate the internal lookup cache for the type and all of its subtypes. This function must be called after any manual modification of the attributes or base classes of the type.

int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)

Return non-zero if the type object o sets the feature feature. Type features are denoted by single bit flags.

int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)

Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle detector; this tests the type flag Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC.

int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
Part of the Stable ABI.

Return true if a is a subtype of b.

This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that __subclasscheck__() is not called on b. Call PyObject_IsSubclass() to do the same check that issubclass() would do.

PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Generic handler for the tp_alloc slot of a type object. Use Python’s default memory allocation mechanism to allocate a new instance and initialize all its contents to NULL.

PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Generic handler for the tp_new slot of a type object. Create a new instance using the type’s tp_alloc slot.

int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
Part of the Stable ABI.

Finalize a type object. This should be called on all type objects to finish their initialization. This function is responsible for adding inherited slots from a type’s base class. Return 0 on success, or return -1 and sets an exception on error.

备注

If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the provided type does not include the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC in its flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does include Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC in its flags then it must implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the tp_traverse handle.

PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)
Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.

Return the type’s name. Equivalent to getting the type’s __name__ attribute.

3.11 新版功能.

PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)
Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.11.

Return the type’s qualified name. Equivalent to getting the type’s __qualname__ attribute.

3.11 新版功能.

void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)
Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.4.

Return the function pointer stored in the given slot. If the result is NULL, this indicates that either the slot is NULL, or that the function was called with invalid parameters. Callers will typically cast the result pointer into the appropriate function type.

See PyType_Slot.slot for possible values of the slot argument.

3.4 新版功能.

在 3.10 版更改: PyType_GetSlot() can now accept all types. Previously, it was limited to heap types.

PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)
Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

Return the module object associated with the given type when the type was created using PyType_FromModuleAndSpec().

If no module is associated with the given type, sets TypeError and returns NULL.

This function is usually used to get the module in which a method is defined. Note that in such a method, PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self)) may not return the intended result. Py_TYPE(self) may be a subclass of the intended class, and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as their superclass. See PyCMethod to get the class that defines the method. See PyType_GetModuleByDef() for cases when PyCMethod cannot be used.

3.9 新版功能.

void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)
Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

Return the state of the module object associated with the given type. This is a shortcut for calling PyModule_GetState() on the result of PyType_GetModule().

If no module is associated with the given type, sets TypeError and returns NULL.

If the type has an associated module but its state is NULL, returns NULL without setting an exception.

3.9 新版功能.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)

Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given PyModuleDef def, and return that module.

If no module is found, raises a TypeError and returns NULL.

This function is intended to be used together with PyModule_GetState() to get module state from slot methods (such as tp_init or nb_add) and other places where a method’s defining class cannot be passed using the PyCMethod calling convention.

3.11 新版功能.

Creating Heap-Allocated Types

The following functions and structs are used to create heap types.

PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

Create and return a heap type from the spec (see Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE).

The metaclass metaclass is used to construct the resulting type object. When metaclass is NULL, the metaclass is derived from bases (or Py_tp_base[s] slots if bases is NULL, see below). Note that metaclasses that override tp_new are not supported.

The bases argument can be used to specify base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. If bases is NULL, the Py_tp_bases slot is used instead. If that also is NULL, the Py_tp_base slot is used instead. If that also is NULL, the new type derives from object.

The module argument can be used to record the module in which the new class is defined. It must be a module object or NULL. If not NULL, the module is associated with the new type and can later be retrieved with PyType_GetModule(). The associated module is not inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class individually.

This function calls PyType_Ready() on the new type.

Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling type() or using the class statement. With user-provided base types or metaclasses, prefer calling type (or the metaclass) over PyType_From* functions. Specifically:

3.12 新版功能.

PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

Equivalent to PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases).

3.9 新版功能.

在 3.10 版更改: The function now accepts a single class as the bases argument and NULL as the tp_doc slot.

在 3.12 版更改: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only type instances were returned.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.3.

Equivalent to PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases).

3.3 新版功能.

在 3.12 版更改: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only type instances were returned.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)
Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

Equivalent to PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL).

在 3.12 版更改: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the base classes provided in Py_tp_base[s] slots. Previously, only type instances were returned.

type PyType_Spec
Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).

Structure defining a type’s behavior.

const char *PyType_Spec.name

Name of the type, used to set PyTypeObject.tp_name.

int PyType_Spec.basicsize
int PyType_Spec.itemsize

Size of the instance in bytes, used to set PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize and PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize.

int PyType_Spec.flags

Type flags, used to set PyTypeObject.tp_flags.

If the Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE flag is not set, PyType_FromSpecWithBases() sets it automatically.

PyType_Slot *PyType_Spec.slots

Array of PyType_Slot structures. Terminated by the special slot value {0, NULL}.

Each slot ID should be specified at most once.

type PyType_Slot
Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).

Structure defining optional functionality of a type, containing a slot ID and a value pointer.

int PyType_Slot.slot

A slot ID.

Slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures PyTypeObject, PyNumberMethods, PySequenceMethods, PyMappingMethods and PyAsyncMethods with an added Py_ prefix. For example, use:

The following fields cannot be set at all using PyType_Spec and PyType_Slot:

Setting Py_tp_bases or Py_tp_base may be problematic on some platforms. To avoid issues, use the bases argument of PyType_FromSpecWithBases() instead.

在 3.9 版更改: Slots in PyBufferProcs may be set in the unlimited API.

在 3.11 版更改: bf_getbuffer and bf_releasebuffer are now available under the limited API.

void *PyType_Slot.pfunc

The desired value of the slot. In most cases, this is a pointer to a function.

Slots other than Py_tp_doc may not be NULL.